This chapter deals with surface mining. Section 1 presents an overview of surface mining methods and practices as commonly employe d in modern surface mining operations. The description includes a comparison of the advantages and disadvantages of surface and underground mining as well as brief explanations of open pit, open cast, placer, and
Surface mining is generally considered to provide better recovery, grade control, flexibility, safety, and working environments than underground mining. Figure 3 shows a comparison of the total injury rates in US coal mines. The injury rates have declined both in surface and underground mines
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